Frank Lowy

Jan 5, 2021 | Secret Rich List

Sir Frank Lowy is best recognised as the man behind Westfield shopping centres. He is also celebrated for “resurrecting” the A-League and creating independent think tank the Lowy Institute. The plaudits fall short, however, of recognising the billionaire’s contributions to paying tax; something hardly helped by a long-standing and cosy exemption which enables the Lowy clan to have two Dark Companies on Australia’s Secret Rich List.

Top 200 Rich List (2020)No. of Dark Companies:
2
Political Donations since FY 1998-99
Rank: 9Franley Holdings Pty LtdLabor Party: $110,000
Wealth: $8.3bCordera Holdings Pty LtdCoalition: $175,000
Wealth (2019): $8.56bIndependent: $0
YoY wealth change: -3.0%Total: $285,000

Sir Frank rose to prominence in property development when he opened a shopping centre in Sydney’s west in 1959 called Westfield Place Blacktown. The business was co-founded by the late John Saunders. The investment, and very savvy financial management in the ensuing years, gave rise to Westfield Development Corporation, which was floated on the ASX in September 1960, growing to become the global empire it is today.

Among the trappings of Sir Frank’s wealth includes a Gulfstream 650 private jet (pictured above) valued at more than $44 million, and his superyacht, worth upwards of $100 million.

Saunders himself owned five Dark Companies which are now run primarily by his two daughters.

There is no tax transparency data available for any of Lowy’s private companies as they do not meet the tax transparency threshold.

Lowy and his sons control two Dark Companies on the Secret Rich List. One is Franley Holdings Pty Ltd, which was established in April 1961, less than a year after he and Saunders listed Westfield on the ASX.

Franley still operates today, sheltered by the 1995 grandfathering exemption from lodging financial accounts with ASIC, as does Lowy’s second Dark Company, Cordera Holdings Pty Ltd. Both are controlled by the family’s own Franley Family Trust.

Financial accounts for a parent of the two Dark Companies show that it paid $20.3 million in management fees over 2018 and 2019 to a separate group inside the Lowy family empire.

How these fees relate to the management of Franley and Cordera is unknown. With their financial accounts protected by the grandfathering exemption, there is no way of knowing.

HOW WE COMPILED THE LIST
Q

How we compiled this list

What are they trying to hide? This is the driving question behind our ‘Secret Rich List’ project at Michael West Media.

Our aim is to shine the spotlight on the 1,119 large proprietary companies that continue to enjoy a privileged exemption from having to lodge financial reports to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC).

An exemption from any new law or regulation is commonly referred to as ‘grandfathering’. In this case, the exemption from having to lodge audited accounts effectively creates two classes of Australian citizens; large proprietary companies that have to comply with government legislation, and the remaining 1,119 companies that by definition are required to do the same, yet enjoy an antiquated free pass from full public transparency.

What was issued as a “temporary measure” by the government of Paul Keating in 1995 has placed these companies above the law for more than 25 years. We believe it is in the public interest to put an end to this outdated government legislation once and for all.

Although ASIC  defines the companies enjoying the exemption as as grandfathered large proprietary companies, we prefer the term ‘Dark Companies’; it is a more fitting description of old wealth empires whose financial accounts are cloaked by this provision, shadowed from the public eye.

History behind the 1995 grandfathering exemption

This grandfathering regime was issued in response to The First Corporate Law Simplification Act 1995, a 1995 amendment to the Corporations Law at the time.

Before this amendment, whether a company had to prepare and lodge financial accounts with ASIC was determined by whether they were an exempt or non-exempt proprietary company (exempt meant the company did not have to publish accounts).

ASIC defines exempt proprietary companies as:

“companies where there was no direct or indirect public ownership; that is, they were essentially owned by private individuals. The companies were not required to lodge financial reports where those financial reports were subject to audit and sent to members.”

Under the First Corporate Law Simplification Act 1995 the measure of whether a company had to lodge financial accounts with ASIC changed from the reporting entity test (exempt/non-exempt system) to what became known as the ‘small/large test’.If the company was considered a ‘large’ proprietary company, then it must lodge its accounts.

As of the law in 1995, an Australian proprietary company was ‘large’ if it satisfied two of the following three criteria:

  • consolidated gross assets of $5 million or more;
  • consolidated gross revenue of $10 million or more;
  • the company and the entities it controls (if any) have more than 50 employees at the end of the financial year.

The criteria for the small/large test has since been updated.

The new legislation meant that a significant number of previously exempt organisations now had to prepare and lodge their financial accounts.

The explanatory memorandum for the Bill notes: “To avoid disrupting established commercial arrangements, those existing exempt proprietary companies which have their annual accounts audited, which are large and which elect to continue operating under the existing rules, will not need to lodge their accounts with [ASIC].”.

Thus was born the concept of the grandfathered list - or Secret Rich List as we like to call it. In 1995, it was home to more than 2,000 large proprietary companies.

Significant Global Entities

Some 12 of the 1,119 Dark Companies are considered ‘significant global entities’ (SGE). An entity becomes an SGE if it fits at least one of the two following criteria:

  • a 'global parent entity' whose 'annual global income' is A$1 billion or more,
  • a member of a group of entities consolidated (for accounting purposes) where the global parent entity has an annual global income of A$1 billion or more.

These entities must prepare and lodge general purpose financial accounts with ASIC. This requirement is no different for the 12 SGEs on the Secret Rich List as their SGE status overrides the grandfathering exemption.

MWM METHODOLOGY
Q

MWM Methodology

Using both the ASIC and Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) databases we have conducted more than 5,000 searches and counting.

Through the ASIC searches we have been able to collate the necessary information for every company on the grandfathered list, ranging from company directors, shareholders (both persons and organisations), a company’s auditor and much more. This has all been incorporated into our database, which is designed to map out these Dark Companies and tackle our driving question.

We also used the AEC database to generate an extensive list of political donations from these Dark Companies that date from the 1998-99 financial year to the present. We have designed a separate database for these figures, listing political donations from the entity itself, its directors and/or its shareholders. Each donation has been separated into recipient categories to better display the amounts funnelled to the Liberal and Labor parties and their constituencies.

The donations help indicate why the exemption, which ensures such a lack of transparency, has stood the test of time despite numerous attempts over the years from both sides of Parliament, the cross bench, the Greens, Treasury, corporate regulator ASIC and a joint parliamentary inquiry, which have all called for the exemption to be abolished. Both databases created by Michael West Media complement each other to bolster the narrative of the stories that follow.

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